Here are some videos:

Topic: How is hydropower obtained
Website: http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/energy/topics/1750/
Sypnosis (taken from above website):
Broadcast Date: May 11, 1958How does energy from a running river become a force that powers lights, refrigerators and other conveniences of modern living? The key is the water turbine: a large wheel-like object with internal blades that make the turbine rotate as water flows through. When the turbine is connected to a generator, it creates electricity. As a new power station goes up on the St. Lawrence River, the CBC children's program Junior Magazine demonstrates the process.

Flowing water, flowing power• For a river to generate power, a series of structures must be built to transform its raw energy into electrical power:- Dams hold back the river to create high water levels- Reservoirs store water at high levels to maintain a steady supply- Penstocks, or designated chutes, direct water into the turbines- Turbines spin, powering electric generators in the powerhouse- Power lines carry electricity from the powerhouse to your house • Electricity is the energy that is created when subatomic particles (protons and electrons) vibrate against each other. The particles are attracted to those with the opposite charge and repelled by those with the same charge, creating energy. • The "hydro" in "hydroelectricity" is derived from the Greek word for water. • In Canada, hydroelectricity is so common that the word "hydro" is used to signify all electricity, whether it comes from water, coal or nuclear power. • In 1995 about 60 per cent of Canada's electric power was derived from hydroelectric sources. That ranges from a high of about 85 per cent in British Columbia, Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec and the Yukon to just four per cent in Alberta and none in Prince Edward Island. • Other Canadian sources of electricity are, in order of usage: coal, nuclear power, gas and oil. • Unlike most other sources of energy, hydroelectricity is renewable. Barring disastrous ecological changes, rivers will always flow to turn the turbines that create hydro energy. • Renewable energy is that which will never be exhausted. Other examples are solar power, wind power and geothermal energy. • Non-renewable energy is finite; once it's gone, it can't be recovered. Examples are fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas, which will eventually be depleted. • In 2002 the total generating capacity of hydroelectric plants in Canada was about 67,000 megawatts. "Generating capacity" means the amount that can be produced at any given time. • Canada generates 353,000 gigawatt hours of electricity per year, making it the largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world.

Flowing water, flowing power
Medium: Television
Program: Junior Magazine
Broadcast Date: May 11, 1958
Guest(s):
Reporter: Doug Maxwell
Duration: 1:15
Last updated: July 7, 2005


Topic: Negative impacts
Website: http://archives.cbc.ca/science_technology/energy_production/topics/1750/
Sypnosis (taken from above website):
Broadcast Date: Dec. 27, 1981What difference does ten feet make? For the natives of Manitoba's South Indian Lake, it's the difference between work and welfare. Ten feet, or three metres, is how much their lake rose after Manitoba Hydro diverted one northern river into another for a hydro project. The shoreline has eroded and fishermen must travel farther for less than half their former catch. In this CBC clip, a fisherman says fishing once sustained the community year-round, but not anymore.

• Under Manitoba Hydro's first proposal for the Nelson River diversion in 1966, water levels at Southern Indian Lake would rise by 10 metres. The plan was to divert the Churchill River into the Nelson River to boost the Nelson's flow. • A 1967 study by the University of Manitoba said a 10-metre rise would result in direct financial losses to the natives of $11 million. It also predicted the lake would become the "biggest man-made swamp in the world." • According to author Wayne Skene in Delusions of Power, the Manitoba government kept the report secret. • After a series of meetings with the natives of the town of South Indian Lake, and public protests, Manitoba Hydro acknowledged that the community would be ruined by the diversion. The residents flat-out refused to move. Legal and governmental wrangling followed, forcing the Progressive Conservative government to call an election. • In June 1969 the New Democratic Party under Ed Schreyer won the election. But rather than cancelling the diversion project altogether, the new government announced a new plan that would flood Southern Indian Lake to four metres higher instead of the original 10. Residents of South Indian Lake continued to oppose it. • By changing the province's Water Power Act in 1972, the government bypassed the natives' concerns to grant Manitoba Hydro a licence. • Southern Indian Lake was flooded to about three metres higher in 1977. • That year, five northern communities affected by the diversion signed the Northern Flood Agreement (NFA) with the Manitoba government. Part of the NFA promised "the eradication of mass poverty and mass unemployment," but the government later said it couldn't honour that clause and instead offered cash settlements to the five communities. • The community of South Indian Lake did not have status as its own reserve; it was viewed as a sub-group of the Nelson House band, which was one of the signatories to the NFA. • In 1992, after taking the Manitoba government and Manitoba Hydro to court, the community of South Indian Lake received a settlement of $18 million to compensate for the loss of its traditional livelihood. • In 2005 Manitoba Hydro was scheduled to break ground on a new hydro generating station in the region. According to Manitoba Hydro, the Wuskwatim Generating Station on the Burntwood River will flood less than half a square kilometre of land. • The project cost is estimated to be $900 million over six years of construction. • Flooding from hydro dams has also affected farmers in northern British Columbia. Listen to an additional clip from 1976 in which a B.C. farmer says BC Hydro's plans for a new dam on the Peace River will destroy some of the only viable farmland in the region.

Cheap power comes at a cost
Medium: Television
Program: Quarterly Report
Broadcast Date: Dec. 27, 1981
Guest(s): Drew Bodley, Robert Dysart, Greg McCulloch, Karl Scheiffer, Noah Soulier
Narrator: Dennis Trudeau
Duration: 8:35
This clip has been edited for copyright reasons.
Last updated: Feb. 13, 2007

Website: http://archives.cbc.ca/science_technology/energy_production/topics/1750/#
Sypnosis (taken from the above website):
Broadcast Date: Oct. 13, 1974With the world's largest hydroelectric generating capability, Churchill Falls should be a source of pride for Newfoundlanders. But even as power starts flowing from the last of the plant's 11 generators, the headache begins. To send electricity from the remote Labrador location to hungry U.S. markets, Newfoundland negotiated a deal with Hydro-Québec to carry the power south. As the CBC reports, the price of power has since surged, spelling a big profit for Quebec — and little for Newfoundland. After construction began at Churchill Falls in 1967, Hydro-Québec was the only utility to consider investing in what it viewed as a risky venture. In return for Hydro-Québec's investment, Newfoundland agreed to sell its power to Quebec at a fixed price for 65 years. Then the price of energy skyrocketed. Now Quebec resells Newfoundland's power at high market rates while buying it cheap. "It's the biggest giveaway in history," says Newfoundland Premier Frank Moores, vowing to reopen the contract.

• The Churchill Falls hydroelectric project was a dream of longtime Newfoundland premier Joey Smallwood. He first laid eyes on the falls (then named Grand Falls or Hamilton Falls) in 1949, shortly after Newfoundland became Canada's 10th province. • Smallwood believed development of the falls would provide economic stability for Newfoundland. In 1953 the province, along with British investors, formed a consortium called the British Newfoundland Corporation, or Brinco. It probed the region's hydroelectric and mineral potential.• In 1965 the falls and their river were renamed Churchill Falls and the Churchill River. The change was in honour of former British prime minister Winston Churchill, who died that year. • The falls were located in a part of Labrador that was disputed territory. Despite a 1927 ruling from the Imperial Privy Council on the boundary issue, Quebec still felt the region rightfully belonged to it. • Smallwood retained a Swedish engineering firm to probe the possibility of creating an alternate route. The grid would cross the water to Newfoundland, along the island and across the Cabot Strait to New Brunswick and on to the United States. It proved too expensive. • The federal government had the power to declare a corridor through Quebec for Newfoundland's power. But given the intended recipients — Americans — and the separatist sentiment in Quebec, Canada opted to stay out of the dispute. • Newfoundland took Quebec to court over the issue. In 1984 the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that Newfoundland could not back out of the agreement. • In 1994 Premier Clyde Wells of Newfoundland considered privatizing the provincially owned Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro. According to Maclean's magazine, Wells believed a private company might be successful in arguing that the contract with Hydro-Québec be scrapped. Privatization never happened. • In 1996 Maclean's reported that Newfoundland received about $20 million annually by selling its power to Hydro-Québec. By exporting the same power to U.S. markets, Quebec earned about $800 million per year. • The price of power in the agreement is not indexed to inflation. In 1976 Hydro-Québec was paying 0.3 cents per kilowatt hour for Churchill Falls power; in 1996 the rate was 0.27 cents. In 2016 it will drop again to 0.2 cents per kilowatt hour. • In 1996, as premier Brian Tobin sought to renegotiate the agreement, even a former minister in the Quebec legislature seemed to think the deal was unfair. "The [agreement] had gone from 30 to 65 years. I couldn't believe it," Eric Kierens told CBC Radio's Peter Gzowski. "People don't take risks more than 20 or 30 years even on long term things ... That's how insane this thing was." • The contract expires in 2041.

'The biggest giveaway in history'
Medium: Television
Program: CBC Television News
Broadcast Date: Oct. 13, 1974
Guest(s): Frank Moores
Reporter: Bill Mitchell
Duration: 3:00
Last updated: July 7, 2005



Sorry for the late posting!
As I do not know that my post got eaten up and is nowhere to be found!
So this is the actual information I posted before..

Introduction [other information to add on to Priscilla's]

Even if the "fuel" of a hydropower project is water and as such renewable, hydropower projects are often quite controversial since the construction and operation directly influences the river systems, whereby the adverse impacts become direct and visible. The benefits, like avoidance of polluting emissions that would have been the unavoidable outcome of other electricity generating options is, however, less easily observed.

The development of a hydropower scheme can involve extensive construction activities, both above as well as underground, construction of dams, tunnels, power stations, transmission and distribution lines, operators’ camps and other facilities. In addition to site specific activities there is often a need to improve transmission lines, upgrade roads and bridges etc. All these activities lead to environmental and social impacts during construction as well as under operation.

At the turn of the century, one-third of the countries in the world rely on hydropower for more than half their electricity supply, and large dams generate 19% of electricity overall. Half the world's large dams were built exclusively or primarily for irrigation, and some 30-40% of the 271 million hectares irrigated worldwide rely on dams. Dams have been promoted as an important means of meeting perceived needs for water and energy services and as long-term, strategic investments with the ability to deliver multiple benefits. Some of these additional benefits are typical of all large public infrastructure projects, while others are unique to dams and specific to particular projects. Regional development, job creation, and fostering an industry base with export capability are most often cited as additional considerations for building large dams. Other goals include creating income from export earnings, either through direct sales of electricity or by selling cash crops or processed products from electricity-intensive industry such as aluminium refining. Clearly, dams can play an important role in meeting people's needs.

But the last 50 years have also highlighted the performance and the social and environmental impacts of large dams. They have fragmented and transformed the world's rivers, while global estimates suggest that 40-80 million people have been displaced by reservoirs. As the basis for decision-making has become more open, inclusive and transparent in many countries, the decision to build a large dam has been increasingly contested, to the point where the future of large dam-building in many countries is in question. The enormous investments and widespread impacts of large dams have seen conflicts flare up over the siting and impacts of large dams - both those in place and those on the drawing board, making large dams one of the most hotly contested issues in sustainable development today.


Environmental and Social Impacts of Hydropower Development

Like all extraction of natural resources, the harnessing of rivers affects the natural and social environment. Some of the impacts may be regarded as positive; others are negative and severe. Some impacts are immediate, whereas others are lingering, perhaps appearing after several years. The important question, however, is the severity of the negative impacts and how these can be reduced or mitigated.

The generic nature of the impacts of hydropower development on ecosystems, biodiversity and downstream livelihoods is increasingly well known. Some of the key environmental impacts of dams are:

1. Loss of forests and wildlife habitat, the loss of species populations and the degradation of upstream catchment areas due to inundation of the reservoir area;
2. Loss of aquatic biodiversity, of upstream and downstream fisheries, and of the services of downstream floodplains, wetlands, and riverine, estuarine and adjacent marine ecosystems;
3. Significant adverse effects on cultural heritage through the loss of cultural resources of local communities and the submergence and degradation of plant and animal remains, burial sites and archaeological monuments; and
4. Cumulative impacts on water quality, natural flooding and species composition where a number of dams are sited on the same river.

On balance, the ecosystem impacts are more negative than positive and they have led, in many cases, to significant and irreversible loss of species and ecosystems. In some cases, however, enhancement of ecosystem values does occur, through the creation of new wetland habitat and the fishing and recreational opportunities provided by new reservoirs.

In terms of the social impacts of hydropower development, the range of these impacts is substantial, including on the lives, livelihoods and health of the affected communities dependent on the riverine environment:

1. Some 40-80 million people have been physically displaced by dams worldwide;
2. Millions of people living downstream from dams - particularly those reliant on natural floodplain function and fisheries - have also suffered serious harm to their livelihoods and the future productivity of their resources has been put at risk;
3. Many of the displaced were not recognised (or enumerated) as such, and therefore were not resettled or compensated;
4. Where compensation was provided it was often inadequate, and where the physically displaced were enumerated, many were not included in resettlement programmes;
5. Those who were resettled rarely had their livelihoods restored, as resettlement programmes have focused on physical relocation rather than the economic and social development of the displaced;
6. The larger the magnitude of displacement, the less likely it is that even the livelihoods of affected communities can be restored ;
7. Indigenous and tribal peoples and vulnerable ethnic minorities have suffered disproportionate levels of displacement and negative impacts on livelihood, culture and spiritual existence;
8. Affected populations living near reservoirs as well as displaced people and downstream communities have often faced adverse health and livelihood outcomes from environmental change and social disruption;
9. Among affected communities, gender gaps have widened and women have frequently borne a disproportionate share of the social costs and were often discriminated against in the sharing of benefits; and
10. Even in the 1990s, impacts on downstream livelihoods were, in many cases, not adequately assessed or addressed in the planning and design of large dams.

There are however, a range of positive impacts that also needs to factored in. Some of these are avoidance of polluting emissions from other generating sources, provision of employment both under construction and operation, revenues to the developer, as well as taxes, regional development measures, reduction in flooding etc.

Water Management and Development – Competing Water Demands

There is general agreement that there is a growing competition for water to meet demands for agriculture, industry and drinking water. Competition will increase among the three largest users in global terms - agriculture (67%), industry (19%) and municipal/-residential (9%) uses - and these all will continue to draw from the water needed to sustain natural systems:

1. A consumption factor that may be significant in dry climates is evaporation from reservoirs, estimated to be close to 5% of total water withdrawals;
2. A projection prepared for the Vision for Water and Food suggests that irrigation alone may require an increase in water supplies in the range of 15-20% by 2025;
3. By 2025 there will be a total of 3.5 billion people living in water-stressed countries. Empirical evidence suggests that limited water supplies, combined with current agricultural practices and population growth, are a barrier to meeting the goal of food self-sufficiency in more and more countries, increasing the attention paid to food security and the security of other environmental resources;
4. Two billion people lack electricity, and electricity demand in developing economies continues to rise; and
5. Freshwater species, especially fish, are increasingly threatened, a significant percentage of wetlands have already been lost, and the capacity of aquatic ecosystems to produce many of the goods and services on which societies depend is rapidly declining, making water for nature an essential consideration.

The controversies associated with large-scale dam projects created a defacto moratorium on international support to dam projects in the late 90s and early in this century. Most international financing institutions withdrew from the sector and the policy mantra was that the international private sector should step in to fill the vacuum. The support from the international private sector never materialized since there are few actors and there are few projects offering adequate returns commensurate with the risks associated.

To get hold of the whole research paper done by Norad, click on this!http://195.26.0.50/default.asp?FILE=items/3566/116

It will provide a complete insight into the investigation that they are gathering to let all of you understand more on what we are intending to research on hydropower.

Further in depth details on the impacts would be posted shortly after this. Please look forward to it! (:

Researched by: Jiayuin

i found this article which argues on the negative impacts of building a dam:
http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7046

On the next post, Jia Yuin will be posting her information on the impacts of building a dam.

posted by: Priscilla



HISTORY OF HOOVER DAM

Hoover Dam” or “Boulder Dam”, as it was originally named, began construction in May 1931 and completed 1935. The Herbert Hoover administration changed the name from Boulder Dam to Hoover Dam in 1930 as a political move. In 1933, the Franklin Roosevelt administration changed it back to Boulder Dam, and under Harry Truman, the permanent name of Hoover Dam was restored.

The Colorado River had to be diverted before construction could begin. The riverbed had to be dredged clear of deep silt and sediment and four diversion tunnels through canyon walls had to be dug so as to divert the river flow to expose a bedrock foundation for the building of Hoover Dam.

The Hoover Dam was built to control the Colorado River, which had flooded the surrounding low-lying areas every spring, and flowed very slowly in summer. The damage by the river caused so much attention that by the 1920s, it was necessary to control the damage caused by flooding along the path of the lower Colorado, especially in California.

A by-product of Hoover Dam is the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, which provides year round recreational opportunities. Fishing, boating, swimming, hiking, camping and sight seeing are among the activities which draw 7 to 8 million visitors a year to Lake Mead.

BENEFITS

· Hoover Dam regulated the flow of the Colorado River, which means that the river became a dependable supply of water for farmers in Nevada, Arizona and California.
· Cities like Los Angeles, San Diego and Phoenix also had a cheap source of electricity, which permitted population growth and industrial development.
· The Hoover Dam acted as a flood control and provided irrigation for farmers.

SOME STATISTICS AND FIGURES

· Height – 726.4 feet/221.3m
· Crest length - 1244 feet/379.2m
· Crest width - 45 feet/13.7m
· Base width - 1660 feet/201.2m
· Volume of concrete - 4.25 million cubic yards/3.24 million cubic meters
· Cost - $165 million

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/programme_archive/seven_wonders_hoover_dam_01.shtml
http://www.sunsetcities.com/hoover-dam.html
http://www.arizona-leisure.com/hoover-dam-building.html
http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Ge-Hy/Hoover-Dam.html
http://www.engineering.com/Library/ArticlesPage/tabid/85/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/64/Hoover-Dam.aspx
http://www.hooverdamtourcompany.com/stats.html

For more statistic, click on the last url.

Researched by: Jeraldine



What is hydroelectric energy?

Hydro means water. Hydroelectric energy is electricity generated from the force of moving water. Rain or melted snow originating from hills and mountains create streams and river that eventually run into the ocean. [1]

Introduction

This energy has been used for centuries. Since the ancient Greeks, farmers used water wheels to grind wheat into flour. The water wheel picks up flowing water in buckets on the wheel. The kinetic energy of the flowing river turns the wheel which is then converted into mechanical energy that runs the mill. In the late 19th century, hydropower became a source for generating electricity. In 1879, the first hydroelectric power plant was built at Niagara Falls. In 1882, the world’s first hydroelectric power plant began operating in the United States in Appleton, Wisconsin.

Hydroelectric power provides almost one-fifth of the world’s electricity. China, Canada, Brazil, the United States and Russia were the five largest produces of hydroelectricity in 2004. The biggest hydro plant in the United States is located at the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River in northern Washington. [1]

How does a hydroelectric plant work?
















Hydroelectric dam[5]
Taken from: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wuhy.html


A hydroelectric plant comprises of three components:

Reservoir
● It is to store water.

An electric plant and a dam:

●Penstock
o It is a channel, pipeline also known as the penstock that delivers water

● Turbine (waterwheel)
o It converts the energy of flowing water (gravitational energy) is converted to rotational energy (kinetic energy)as the force of water turn the turbine

●Generator
o It converts kinetic energy to electricity

●Transformers
o They convert electricity to usable voltage levels which are then sent through the transmissions lines to distribution stations.

●Regulator
o It controls the generator [2]

Process

1. A dam is built on a large river that has a large drop in elevation. It has gates that can open or close to control the water flowing through the dam. The dam stores lots of water behind it in the reservoir.

2. The water accumulates gravitational potential energy. It falls through the penstock, and enters the turbine. The energy is converted to kinetic energy as the force of the water turns the turbines [3]

3. The generator that is connected to the turbine spins electromagnets which convert kinetic energy to electrical energy, generating current in stationary coils of wire.

4. The current is then put through a transformer where it converts electricity to usable voltage levels sent to the distribution stations. [4]

References:

[1] National Geographic (1996-2008) Hydropower [online] (Information on edition unavailable) (Information on place of publication not available) National Geographic Available from: http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/environment/alternative-energy/hydropower-profile.html [Last accessed: 29 February 2008]

[2] A. Belcon (2004) Hydroelectric energy [online] (Information on edition unavailable) (Information on place of publication not available) (Information on publisher unavailable) Available from: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/proj/cel/cep/alana/hydro_energy.htm [Last accessed: 29 February 2008]

[3] (Information of author unavailable) (2008) Hydroelectric power: How it works [online] (Information on edition unavailable) (Information on place of publication not available) USGS. Available from: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/hyhowworks.html [Last accessed: 29 February 2008]

[4] (Information of author unavailable) (2007) How Does a Hydroelectric Plant work [online] (Information on edition unavailable) (Information on place of publication not available) FPL Energy. Available from: http://www.fplenergy.com/portfolio/hydro/hydro_plant.shtml [Last accessed: 29 February 2008]

[5] (Information of author unavailable) (2006) Hydroelectric power water use [online] (Information on edition unavailable) (Information on place of publication not available) USGS. Available from: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wuhy.html [Last accessed: 29 February 2008]

Researched by: Priscilla

Before we present our findings, this is a copy of our proposal for readers to understand more about our project.

Student-Initiated Assessment (SIA):
“Green TEA” (Environmental-based Textbook Extension Activities)

Final proposal

Members’ names
1. Keng Bao Yi Priscilla (12)
2. Tay Jia Yuin (25)
3. Yap Wen Qi Jeraldine (34)

Class
303

Title of SIA
Green energy- hydroelectric energy
(overseas, not in Singapore)

Briefly describe the ‘green’ issue chosen
Hydroelectricity is an environmentally friendly way of producing energy. Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a turbine or generator, and is driven by the force of running water. It is less expensive than mining fossil fuels and does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.

Unlike other renewable sources like the sun or wind, water can be stored which makes it a great way to create electricity. In fact, Hydro-power is the leading source of renewable energy. It provides more than 97% of all energy produced by renewable sources. Many countries in the world are moving along with hydroelectricity production, with countries like Norway, Canada and Iceland being a few of the world's leaders in hydroelectricity.

Case study to be covered: Hoover Dam in America
(Sub-topics under case study: The study of the history of Hoover Dam to what it is today; its importance and impact.)

The Hoover Dam is located on the border between Arizona and Nevada. When completed in 1935, it was both the world's largest electric power producing facility and the world's largest concrete structure.

State the rationale for your group’s choice of ‘green’ issue
With large emphasize put on green energy over the past decades, our team has decided to work on hydroelectricity. With more then half the Earth covered in water, hydroelectricity can replace the dominant non-renewable form of energy source (e.g. fossil fuels)

Comparing the hydroelectricity with the commonly used non-renewable fuels, the hydroelectricity has advantages of not producing greenhouse gas, and thus not contribute to greenhouse effect. This is also why my team has decided chosen to work on hydroelectricity.

Briefly list the physics principle(s) related to the ‘green’ issue
The concepts of conversion of energy; gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy is applied as follows:

Flowing water is used to create electricity called hydroelectric energy. The hydroelectric plant consists of a dam on a river to store water in a reservoir. Falling water consists of both gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy. The hydroelectric plants convert the kinetic energy in falling water into electricity by turning the turbines and the generator to produce electricity.

Identify sources of reference materials that could be used in your research
1. The internet- easy access; provides many websites, used to test if website are reliable
2. Books- the internet may not always be reliable, a good source to turn to
3. Articles- there may be interesting discussions etc.



This first post is the formal opening of our blog. We will be posting up information by tomorrow. We hope that information will be deemed useful for those reading it and please do give constructive comments or feedbacks or you can always drop a question or email us at discover.hydropower@gmail.com

Thank you! (:

Priscilla
Jia Yuin
Jeraldine
email us at: discover.hydropower@gmail.com

Rationale behing the choice of this green issue
With large emphasize put on green energy over the past decades, our team has decided to work on hydroelectricity. With more then half the Earth covered in water, hydroelectricity can replace the dominant non-renewable form of energy source (e.g. fossil fuels)

Comparing the hydroelectricity with the commonly used non-renewable fuels, the hydroelectricity has advantages of not producing greenhouse gas, and thus not contribute to greenhouse effect. This is also why my team has decided chosen to work on hydroelectricity.

Questions? Comments?

google
Learn more about solar energy here

Questions and Commetns are greatly appreciated!

April 2008
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